Sumer, located in southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq), is widely regarded as the world’s first urban civilization. Around 3500–3000 BCE, Sumerians constructed monumental temples, developed advanced irrigation systems, codified laws, and…
The Musical Bow: A Sonic Experiment in Prehistory The earliest string instruments may have been musical bows—essentially a flexible stick with a single string stretched taut across it. Archaeological and…
In the mid-19th century, Spain was not a scientific powerhouse in the modern sense. Industrialization arrived late, formal acoustics research was still in its infancy, and musical instruments were typically…
Franz Liszt was revolutionary not just as a performer but also as a composer and innovator. Before him, piano concerts were usually part of a mixed program with multiple performers.…